1.Before handling chicken or any meat, ----- .

A) germs can be removed by cooking it for an hour
B) it can go bad even in a refrigerator
C) It might be rotten
D) you had rejected the offer
E) make sure your hands are clean

2.That the water has become polluted ----- .

A) is a matter of grave concern
B) I don't believe it                    
C) I don't want to make tea with it
D) it is forbidden to swim in it
E) becoming obvious for anyone

3.It was finally agreed to let the director chooses ----- .

A) where they had got the money
B) whichever policy he thought would best solve the problem
C) until all orders would have been made
D) when they had organized a seminar
E) whether the effort involved can be justified

4.In recent years many countries of the world have been faced with
the problem of ----- .

A) how the relationship between managers and workers improved
B) that the worker sees only one small part of the product
C) how to make their workers more productive
D) whether there was employment for everybody
E) why modern factories had had complicated machinery

5.It was long ago noticed that ----- .

A) some interesting experiments have been done
B) different plants open and close at different times of the day
C) recent experiments suggest flowers have a kind of biological clock
D) they are given no light at all
E) flowers are kept in a laboratory in constant darkness

6.All refrigeration systems are heat pumps, because ----- .

A) progress has been made on the use of solar energy for heating purposes                           
B) gas was pushed up under high pressure
C) all types of pumps have been single stage or multi-stage
D) the temperature control had been provided by a thermostat regulating the  cooling or  heating coil
E) they absorb heat energy at a low temperature level and
discharge it to a high temperature level

7.The conditions were not satisfactory ----- .

A) because these devices can be applied in many different ways
B) as it is possible to bend or flex many plastic materials
C) so the test was stopped
D) because they stay in one position all day
E) however, 30 % of air pollutants have natural causes

8.Because they use less energy per passenger than other means of transportation ----- .

A) the magnetic levitation vehicle, known as the MLV, was a new type of high - speed passenger train
B) efficient railroads could help conserve the world's energy resources and reduce air pollution
C) aviation uses high technology
D) they were expected to travel more than 480 kilometres per hour                                    
E) many countries are working to improve railroad passenger service

9.While city life has its advantages, ----- .

A) a number of new tall buildings have been put up
B) most people could have afforded to live there
C) they point out the easy access to many cultural facilities
D) it also has many disadvantages
E) among other things they mention are the entertainment centers

10.Frank Lloyd Wright designed some interestingly shaped buildings, ----- .

A) there are also different materials that architects can use
B) however, they're not the only structures created by architects
C) an example of which is the Guggenheim Museum in New York
D) this building and others like it remind us of sculpture
E) it is common to see structures that appear to be made mostly of steel, wood, concrete, or even glass

11.Climatologists predict that by midway through the next century  ----- .

A) temperatures may have risen by as much as 4 degrees C
B) could catastrophically reduce mankind's ability to grow food
C) the warmest years during this century have been the eighties
D) average temperatures have risen by about 0.5 degrees C
E) there have been an increasing number of alarming reports on the world's climate

12.World peace will not be secure unless  ----- .

A) there was a drop in the birth-rate of developed countries
B) mankind has been faced with the problem of war
C) all nuclear weapons are eliminated
D) the nations of the world is not willing to outlaw war
E) hydrogen bombs were to be used

13.It is important that ----- .

A) the candidates must have a thorough medical examination
B) a full inquiry to take place
C) she be admitted to hospital immediately
D) he caught the train to London
E) the evening was to turn up very differently

14.The only thing that matters  ----- .

A) is that you are safe            
B) the reason why we are arguing
C) don't waste time thinking about what might happen
D) he passed the exam
E) the prisoner should tell the truth

15.-----, the more developed the country becomes.

A) As more tourists come to a country
B) The more successful society is
C) The less money we owed
D) When population has increased
E) Where medical and hospital care of good quality

16.Animals in zoos suffer from lack of freedom ----- .

A) because man is more aggressive than animals
B) even if they are well fed and cared for
C) an animal finds itself in abnormal conditions
D) although they are not very happy there
E) that they are clearly bored and frustrated

17. -----, America is going to get less and less of the raw materials pie.

A) As the developing countries get richer
B) If properly used
C) Climates vary greatly around the world
D)The world's food supply depends in large part on the fertility of the soil
E) To pay for these raw materials
  
18. ----- in spite of the fact that he had had no experience.

A) My brother can play the piano
B) Most people would agree that
C) He was beaten at yesterday’s tennis tournament
D) He had a musical background       
E) He managed to do the job


19.We shall not succeed in controlling world population ----- . .

A) perhaps it is impossible to prevent mass starvation
B) unless we improve living conditions
C) if birth control measures can be successful
D) when people understand the need for limiting the population
E) unless we have adequate food supplies

20. -----, overpopulation will become an insurmountable problem.

A) As soon as medical services decrease the death rate all over the globe                                   
B) Before shortage of space and food leads to war
C) When there is another drought in Africa
D) People will voluntarily limit their families
E) Should there be a nuclear war

21.Thanks to recent medical research, ----- .

A) prevention is the surest form of cure
B) heart disease is caused by obesity
C) many types of cancer are caused by dietary factors
D) new effective drugs have been improved
E) it may be avoided by changing one's environment

22.Oil is the most popular source of energy,  ----- .

A) Arab producers led to an oil crisis
B) it is risky to rely on the Middle East for oil supplies
C) which caused prices to rise sharply
D) being easy to transport and relatively cheap
E) so we should develop alternative sources of energy

23.Diamonds are used for drills as  ----- .

A) they are very precious
B) they are also used for making wedding rings
C) they are very hard
D) they are used in jewellery
E) women are very fond of them

24.---- my father will devote himself to gardening.

A) If he has received a letter from the Ministry of Agriculture
B) After he has retired
C) When he considered it              
D) Although he finds it necessary
E) As soon as he resigned from his job

25.There is a lot of food in the world, but ----- .

A) we should eat more vegetables than meat
B) many people are not taking enough protein
C) many people do not have enough to eat
D) there aren't many people suffering from malnutrition
E) you should avoid eating starchy foods

26.The prisoner felt sorry for him ----- .

A) moreover, he knocked him to the ground
B) so he marched boldly up and down in front of the prison
C) but there was nothing else he could do
D) therefore he had killed the guard
E) the food wasn't very good

27.Give a country more guns and  ----- .

A) you increase the chances for war
B) that economic growth is good
C)where nobody's left to do the dirty work
D) millions of people got killed in the last war
E) I'm sure you get my point

28.The price of pineapples continued to increase because ----- .

A) my son loves them a lot
B) demand continued to exceed supply
C) we cannot grow them in Turkey
D) not many people can buy them
E) they are thought to be rich in vitamins

29.-----, neither the missing boy nor his dog could be found.

A) When the police were informed about the theft
B) Several people were involved in the search
C) Although the police searched everywhere
D) Not only did they look for it
E) They were lost in a thick forest      

30.----- until general agreement is reached about pay and working conditions.

A) The miners have stated that the strike will continue
B) The workers said that they would go on working
C) People's most basic needs are not satisfied
D) It means living in a shack without running water or electricity
E) The people must accept the decisions of the government

31.-----, the more expensive it is to run.

A) The bigger a car is
B) The more you pay for a car
C) When you drive too fast
D) That the price of petrol is increasing continuously
E) The fact that you drive too fast

32. Because the election results were close and both candidates declared victory,  ----- .

A) many of Turkey's voters are looking for new answers
B) I had voted for the first candidate
C) 55% of the voters voted for the second one
D) which was inevitable
E) the officials decided to recount the ballots

33.----- because most Americans use their cars to go shopping.

A) Americans make good bargains
B) They usually follow the same path when they shop
C) Many Americans have small families
D) People in the United States drive big cars
E) American supermarkets need big parking lots

34.----- , but sometimes governments control prices to help the people.

A) Rent control helps poor people pay their rent
B) Supply and demand control the prices of goods
C) Americans who rent houses or apartments pay at least 25 percent of their
income for rent
D) Many cities have rent-control laws
E) There is a severe housing shortage

35.Idealists all agree that we can make the world a better place,----- .

A) because a lot of people live in poverty
B) as some people live in comfortable houses, wear good clothes, eat good food and make enough money to buy the things they want
C) but not all of them agree about how to do it
D) poor people think they are not part of society
E) which was dreamed of

 
36.-----, the war against poverty begins in the villages, towns, cities, and other communities where poor people live.                                                                                                                           
A) If they know that they are an important part of the community                          
B) Most crime is the result of poverty and hunger
C) Stealing, killing, and other crimes are often the result of poverty
D) In order to show poor people that they are part of society
E) The overall crime rate is continuing to rise

37. Several members of his family had great influence on him, but  ----- .

A) the American family has followed patterns that differ from those in most societies
B) his mother had the most profound effect on his life
C) other technological developments have had profound influence on the family
D) he said they thought family life had gotten worse in the previous fifteen years                 
E) there is a sharp increase in juvenile crime rates

38.The couple's marriage ended in divorce because their values differed;  ----- .

A) and nearly two-thirds of those who divorce remarry within three years
B) it is not unusual to find brothers and sisters and parents and children living thousands of miles apart
C) thus, children became more independent of their families than they had been in the past
D) he was interested in acquiring a great deal of material wealth, and she wanted to lead a simpler life
E) they both disliked being criticized
 
39.----- will make no difference to his chances of getting the job.

A) If he is very clever
B) What will he try to do
C) Whether he has experience or not
D) Because nobody supports him
E) As he has a lot of experience

40.----- that we provided all the technical support for his project.

A) Where he studied is       
B) What must not be forgotten is
C) Why should we forget
D) How we evaluated
E) His project was of great importance

41.History also permits the physician to evaluate the results of diagnostic tests that  ----- .

A) give information relative to prognosis        
B) are strong subjective components      
C) in a variety of clinical conditions      
D) to make reasonable decisions        
E) is very vital in surgery

42.----- that unprofitable lines be closed.

A) The road is negligible
B) The government demanded
C) They wanted to know
D) They were criticized
E) I propose some changes

43.He is the sole distributor in this area, ----- .

A) we've decided to try a different supplier this time
B) we'll need some financial support
C) that we'll need a detailed cost analysis
D) they were offering a very attractive salary
E) so we are forced to buy from him

44.----- is the way he speaks.

A) Behaving in an insulting way
B) How he managed at the meeting
C) What annoys me most
D) Why he amazes me
E) It is clear when                          

45.Supermarkets lose millions of dollars each year throughout goods  ----- .

A) have been taken by teenagers
B) which put them on the shelves
C) which emphasize the need for caution
D) it purchases every month
E) being stolen off the shelves

46.----- the standard that we expect.

A) Given current skepticism
B) It is highly probable that
C) The work he has done is not up to
D) He showed that he was able to measure
E) The fact that the candidates have

47.----- than the engines failed.

A) No sooner had the plane taken off
B) Because the plane was very old
C) Although it was brand new
D) The plane had only just taken off
E) Hardly had the pilot started the engines

48.The age  ----- has generally been shown to be predictive of success.      

A) which signify the learning capacity
B) at which people start to learn a second language
C) that is essential for the realization of a life long dream
D) that one is said to come of age
E) we are living in it

49.Data from the two studies were not comparable ----- .

A) even though an experiment was designed to compare
B) such success of this magnitude was unexpected
C) as the data collection procedures used were so different
D) although researchers sometimes missed important points
E) because we don't believe them

50.-----, scientists were working on ways to enable accurate prediction.

A) An example of this damage is that
B) By means of calculations we can indicate
C) The latter, as the name suggests, is used by
D) In order to alleviate some of the suffering resulting from earthquakes
E) It might seem dissatisfactory

51.Governments will probably not relocate entire cities  ----- .

A) just because they are in earthquake zones
B) even if they thought it necessary
C) since the rescuers could not begin their work immediately
D) although much more damage results from the landslides
E) that is a crucial problem to cope with

52.----- with which the disease could be diagnosed.

A) Valid experimentation requires
B) The migratory behavior of some species
C) The study was designed to investigate
D) Which causes periods of fever and shivering
E) A technological development increased the accuracy

53.----- that the new plan was a failure.

A) It was apparent
B) Everybody is of the opinion
C) The Prime Minister decides
D) The opposition party rejects
E) I disagree with you

54.No one ever thinks of the telephone as a dangerous object. However, ----- .

A) telephone bills are getting higher and higher
B) with the invention of the portable car phone this is no longer true
C) it can distract you from your driving
D) they save time
E) in the long run, it could cost you your life

55.The government was forced ----- .

A) although they didn't accept the claim
B) in order to have a good impact
C) to take serious measures to halt inflation
D) that the new measures should be implemented
E) unemployment can also lead to loneliness

56.----- is a subject for prediction and speculation rather than
precise scientific study.

A) There will be no more disease
B) It is unlikely that
C) In the future what we may expect
D) What is the population of the world likely to be in the year 2000
E) What might happen in the future

57.More and more people are buying smaller cars ----- .

A) because they earn more every year
B) with the aim of reducing their gasoline consumption
C) as there are fewer cars on the market
D) since stricter legislation is needed
E) as they have more room

58.The world's oceans are so vast that they can cope with the present levels of pollution. However, ........

A) man's movement is being changed in a serious way
B) the latest problems are much more serious
C) we are all slowly destroying the earth
D) there is so much smoke in the air that it is unhealthy to live in many of the word's cities
E) a little is known about the long-term effects of such slow poisonous environment

59.-----, it must give some understanding of the phenomena it purports to explain.

A) What a scientist must try to do
B) However hard one tries
C) Why it lacks an empirical base
D) Whatever form a theory takes
E) The fact that you object

60.Too much money in the economy helps to create jobs, but -----.

A) it also means higher prices and wages
B) full employment is really artificial in these circumstances
C) controlling inflation, however, is only the first step
D) there are a lot of poor countries in the world
E) it is not so easy to get a job

61.The first job of governments in the 1980s was to bring inflation down, -----.
           
A) there was unemployment as a result
B) but there were three million unemployed
C) however, attention is shifted to the lack of competition
D) which they did by reducing the money supply
E) but trade union power prevents this happening

62.----- means that the country's economy is precarious.

A) Everything is in short supply
B) The weak economy has undergone a transformation
C) Dependence on a single export commodity
D) High motivation in export sector
E) There are such restrictions

63. ----- as to whether Gökova thermic plant should be shut down or not.

A) There has been a lively debate
B) It has been slowly and surely poisoning us
C) That there is always pollution
D) If we don't act soon
E) Yet all this could be avoided

64.Successful family planning requires that ----- .

A) fewer people have either the motivation, or the knowledge
B) parents should want to limit the number of children
C) we must understand the reasons for it
D) agricultural production should be increased
E) the growth of population has slowed

65. -----, which will further aggravate the unemployment problem.

A) No solutions were forthcoming
B) The police should have come on the scene
C) Car makers are considering reductions in the work force
D) Everybody was deeply concerned about the situation
E) The minister had been under attack for some time

66.It is unreasonable to demand so much money when ----- .

A) my aim will be to persuade the union to see the reason
B) pop singers get more, nurses get less
C) that is not enough to support a family at today's prices
D) everyone will be hurt by this strike
E) we are trying desperately to control inflation

67.----- that, in view of the recent atrocities, some form of international intervention was essential.

A) Various proposals have been submitted
B) Both sides have accused each other
C) The delegates concluded unanimously
D) The minister has been impeached
E) it will soon be suspected

68.----- until he has received a fair trial and been found guilty.

A) The suspicions of the police were not confirmed
B) In view of the evidence presented to the court, the doctor could be accused of negligence
C) As far as I can see, he was not to blame
D) The manager of the bank was not accused of bribery
E) According to the law, no one is guilty

69.-----, the response of the West divided world opinion.

A) No matter how the committee is set up
B) As soon as the European Parliament has formulated an effective policy
C) As was to be expected
D) Unless Iraq is severely punished for its aggression
E) When some countries gather in Vienna to discuss

70.----- only after the Iraqi government has fully compiled with the resolutions of the Security Council.

A) The oil well in Kuwait were set on fire
B) Life in Kuwait would have returned to normal
C) The pollution of the seas in the region is a matter of great concern
D) The economic embargo imposed on Iraq can be lifted
E) The Gulf Crisis had to be solved

71.I suggest you  finish all the work by noon  ----- .

A) however impossible it was
B) the reason why you feel so tired
C) so that you can take the afternoon off
D) whenever there happened an important mach on TV
E) no matter how you felt then

72.----- whether or not the patient will respond to this treatment.

A) It is still too early to say
B) The only thing I could say now
C) Naturally, the doctors have diagnosed
D) It is felt that an injection should have been given
E) Various forms of therapy have been recommended

73.Are you still convinced ---- ?

A) why the land in this area has been eroded in this way
B) where rare species of birds are still to be found
C) how far the American involvement in Somalia is to the benefit of the people
D) what we can't know is
E) that we are on the edge of crisis

74.As countries join the world economy ----- .

A) their poverty falls
B) makes its exports less competitive
C) its output of goods and services could easily double by 2020
D) average living standards had risen almost two thirds
E) poor countries would have had to import more

75.----- that he still doesn't seem quite normal.

A) He was so horrified by the accident he had been involved
B) The family were very disappointed
C) He thinks they are rather expensive
D) He is expected
E) He was then released on bail

76.-----, the trend to withdraw savings from banks will continue.

A) Suppose the Turkish economy grew an average of only 2.3 per cent a year
B) Wealthier countries lose some jobs and industries
C) As workers become more skilled
D) When export restrictions on some goods were finally lifted
E) Unless the interest rates are raised

77.When the electricity was cut off,  ----- .

A) the whole village was plunged into darkness
B) we use a boiler to heat the water
C) turn off the mains supply first
D) it is impossible to use the lift
E) I usually listen to some classical music

78.We must put pressure on the authorities  ----- .

A) before it was too late to do something
B) if we want something to be done
C) otherwise we wouldn't have been able to get a rise
D) while the financial situation was steadily deteriorating
E) if the Central Bank had taken drastic measures

79.Once the final draft of the contract is approved, ----- .

A) a number of concessions were to be made by both sides
B) the next stage was to estimate the costs
C) the United Nations agreed not to intervene any further
D) the members of the two delegations would have worked out their differences
E) it will then be typed and submitted for ratification

80.Recently scientists have been working on substitutes for fossil fuels  ----- .

A) whether they could have been used in the car industry
B) unless more money is poured into research
C) since the oil reserves in the world are diminishing
D) if the problems of environmental pollution had not prevented this
E) though Japan had strongly objected to the results